Heavy metal pollution, driven by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural intensification, poses a significant threat to ecosystem security and human health. This review examines soil-to-crop-to-human transfer pathways of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), and chromium (Cr), covering their environmental behavior, crop accumulation, and toxicological impacts (neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and carcinogenicity). We discuss plant molecular stress responses (oxidative damage, enzyme disruption, and genetic alteration) and synthesize integrated control strategies including source control, soil remediation, agronomic management, and medical interventions. Emerging technologies (nanomaterials, phytoremediation, AI monitoring) are highlighted. We emphasize the importance of a holistic "source-process-risk-population" approach to effectively reduce heavy metal exposure via crops. This work aims to support environmental improvement, sustainable agriculture, and public health protection, contributing to national and global goals for food safety and human well-being.
Yang et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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