Phylogenetic relationships in Clematis sect. Campanella and related taxa were investigated with morphological data. The data matrix comprised 39 ingroup taxa, of which 2 were members of sect. Bebaeanthera. The monotypic sect. Archiclematis (Clematis alternata) was used as an outgroup. About 2 000 specimens from 10 herbaria were investigated. Vegetative as well as floral characters were used in the research. A cladistic analysis of the morphological matrix, containing 35 characters, resulted in 182 most parsimonious trees (tree length=182, CI=0.385, RI=0.685). The analysis showed that sect. Campanella is not monophyletic, because sect. Bebaeanthera is nested within sect. Campanella and closely related with Clematis otophora and its relatives. ser. Henryianae and subsect. Henryianae, established by Tamura and Johnson, are not supported by this research. Clematis ranunculoides and its allies, with 2 or 4 longitudinal wings along outer sepals, are most closely related to red-flowered species in the section (i.e., Clematis lasiandra and Clematis dasyandra. ser. Pogonandrae are not supported, because they nested with the C. otophora group). They share several synapomorphies, such as thicker sepals, flat filaments, hairy anthers, and protruding connectives. Two African species, Clematis longicauda and Clematis grandiflora, with many specialized traits, are considered as advanced groups in the section.
Sun et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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