The “Smart Earth” paradigm, integrating multi-source geophysical and remote-sensing observations with intelligent decision-making, presents a transformative framework for next-generation carbon dioxide geological storage (CGS) monitoring. Despite progress, current studies often treat CGS monitoring technologies in isolation, lacking multi-scale and multi-domain integration. This review establishes a geophysical architecture spanning spaceborne, airborne, offshore, surface, and downhole domains to examine the principles, applications, and integration trends of key monitoring technologies. Domain roles are defined as satellite remote sensing (e.g., InSAR, gravimetry, hyperspectral) for large-area surveillance, unmanned aerial vehicles for adaptive mapping, marine geophysical sensing (e.g., seismic, CSEM, acoustics) for offshore characterization, surface and shallow-subsurface geophysical methods (e.g., time-lapse seismic, ERT, passive seismic) for leakage screening, and downhole sensing (e.g., DAS, DTS, pressure–temperature logging) for reservoir dynamics. Coordination throughout the project lifecycle is quantified using a stage-resolved collaboration heat map (baseline, injection, post-injection, closure) that delineates domain- and technique-specific collaboration windows. Evidence from 15 representative CGS projects covering saline aquifers, offshore sites, and hydrocarbon-associated reservoirs is synthesized to summarize monitoring scope and performance. A technology-adoption frequency analysis benchmarks the prevalence of individual geophysical and sensing techniques and identifies integration gaps affecting comparability and reproducibility. Deployment modes and cross-scale coordination strategies are distilled, showing how multi-source fusion enhances monitoring efficiency and robustness. Persistent constraints remain in cross-system coordination, long-term reliability, and cost. Four development pathways are proposed toward intelligent responsiveness, multi-source synergy, long-term evolvability, and cost-performance optimization, forming a strategic roadmap for integrated CGS geophysical monitoring under the Smart Earth vision.
Wang et al. (Mon,) studied this question.