Lunar Formation via Triple Phase Transition in the Differentiating Proto-Earth — Final Version (2026)

Key Points

• This research aims to establish the Triple Phase Transition theory to explain lunar formation without external impacts.
• The theory proposes a single driver, Fe-Ni segregation, that influences multiple transitions in the proto-Earth.
• Seismic interfaces were predicted at depths of 200–530 km, testable by future missions, including Chang'e 7 and Artemis III.
• All hypotheses were ranked and limitations acknowledged.
• The primary prediction of seismic interfaces at specified depths awaits validation by upcoming missions.
• The theory suggests lunar formation mechanisms that do not rely on external impacts, reshaping current understanding.
• Falsification conditions for the theory were clearly defined.