Dynamic Frames and Momentum Coherence: A Hierarchical Extension of Reference Frame Taxonomy in Classical and Relativistic Physics

This paper proposes a hierarchical extension to the traditional taxonomy of reference frames used in physics. Beyond the classical distinction between Inertial Frames (IF) and Non-Inertial Frames (NIF), a third organizational level is introduced: Dynamic Frames (DF). A Dynamic Frame is defined as a composite spacetime architecture formed by coordinated sequences of inertial and non-inertial states, deliberately arranged to produce, transport, transform, or recover momentum and energy. Rather than replacing established concepts, Dynamic Frames provide a higher-order descriptive framework for systems whose behavior emerges from the temporal orchestration of multiple reference states. The work introduces Axiom MIND-0, presents conceptual and operational definitions for Dynamic Frames, and explores the notion of Momentum Coherence as a measure of the collective organization of momentum within complex systems. A phenomenological Momentum Coherence Tensor is proposed as a possible extension for describing coherent momentum distributions in gravitational and astrophysical contexts. The framework serves as a foundation for Momentum Engineering, defined as the deliberate design and optimization of momentum flow through architectured dynamic systems. Potential applications include advanced propulsion concepts, energy recovery architectures, dynamic control systems, and the study of large-scale coherent motion in astrophysical structures. The paper is intended as a foundational conceptual contribution and a starting point for further mathematical development, numerical simulation, and experimental investigation. Foundational Concept Paper. This work introduces the Dynamic Frame taxonomy and the Momentum Coherence concept. Mathematical formalization and experimental validation remain subjects of ongoing research. Keywords Momentum Engineering Dynamic Frames Reference Frames Momentum Coherence Inertial Systems Non-Inertial Systems Classical Mechanics Relativistic Mechanics Frame Dynamics Momentum Flow Energy Recovery Advanced Propulsion Systems Engineering Applied Physics MIND Framework