Microbiota–gut–brain axis damage in grass carp induced by nanoplastic and cadmium exposure: from cell injury to systemic response

Key Points

• This research aims to assess the toxic effects of nanoplastics and cadmium on the microbiota-gut-brain axis and swimming behavior of grass carp.
• Examined the impact of nanoplastics and cadmium on grass carp
• Assessed changes in microbiota, gut health, and swimming behavior through controlled exposure
• Analyzed systemic responses to understand ecological risks
• Significant damage observed in microbiota-gut-brain axis due to nanoplastic and cadmium exposure
• Impaired swimming behavior noted in affected grass carp
• Findings suggest serious ecological risks associated with combined exposure in aquatic systems