The first volume of this Research Topic examined how industries -through branding, labelling, and marketing 18 -shape consumer dietary choices, and how individuals respond to cues placed on the package, shelf, and screen 19 (1). Volume II takes up the same line of inquiry, but at a moment when the food environment looks rather 20 different. Rates of obesity and diet-related noncommunicable disease continue to climb across both high-and 21 low-income settings (2); online food retail has scaled rapidly; and the front-of-pack labelling (FOPL) debate, 22 once largely European, is now playing out in Latin America, Africa, and Asia under quite different regulatory 23 conditions (3, 4). The aim of this second volume was to invite contributions that reflect this widened terrain, 24 with attention to populations and methods underrepresented in the earlier collection.Two trends in the recent literature framed our editorial work. The first is a growing recognition that food labels 26 do not act on consumers in isolation: their effects are filtered through cultural identity, brand trust, health status, 27 and the visual ecology of the package itself (5, 6). The second is the move from consumer-side studies toward 28 research that also examines the supply side -how labelling shapes product reformulation, market entry, and 29 competitive positioning (7). The eleven contributions here span experimental, survey-based, computational, 30 audit-style, and conceptual work, addressing both currents. They were selected not to be comprehensive but to and that the effect strengthens under high disease threat. The finding sits uncomfortably with regulatory practice, 36 which still focuses largely on text-based health claims (8). We read it as an argument for an effects-based
Gârdan et al. (Thu,) studied this question.