The V=N/D cardiac engine model defines the resting heartbeat as an idling continuous density wave, suggesting artificial hearts should replicate this idle state rather than just the stroke.
The resting heartbeat is not minimal pumping. It is idling — the continuous baseline wave propagation that keeps the V=N/D density wave engine alive and ready. Three simultaneous operational layers are defined: Wave (idle — continuous baseline density wave, the engine's minimum loop maintenance), Generation (electrical power from ionic density gradients), and Drive (mechanical vortical blood output). These layers operate simultaneously in a phase-distributed pattern along the spiral KOKU scaffold — not sequentially as in a pump. The throttle is N alone: when ionic density rises, all three layers amplify proportionally with no structural change and no external command. The cosmological equivalent is identified: CMB as the universe's idle wave, stellar fusion as Generation, gravitational dynamics as Drive. The same three-layer engine runs at every scale under V=N/D. Design implications for artificial hearts are derived: replicate the idle, not just the stroke.
Yoshimitsu Katayama (Mon,) reported a other. The V=N/D cardiac engine model defines the resting heartbeat as an idling continuous density wave, suggesting artificial hearts should replicate this idle state rather than just the stroke.