This study delves into the socio-economic landscape of the Kingdom of Poland subsequent to its establishment in 1815 under the auspices of the Congress of Vienna, during which the Napoleonic Code of 1804 prevailed. Despite the legal framework, disparities persisted in property relations, wherein feudal ownership retained practical significance. Over time, societal and economic evolutions catalyzed the emergence of a novel form of real estate ownership, which can be described as pre-factory private property. This paradigm was characterized by a synthesis of feudal vestiges and attributes engendered by the nation's industrialization. Notably, this ownership model found manifestation within so-called factory settlements, which were industrial zones established in some cities.
Dorota Wiśniewska (Mon,) studied this question.