Phishing practice has radically changed as automation and artificial intelligence have taken new forms, enabling attackers to produce highly believable domain-spoofed content that is nearly indistinguishable from natural communication. Existing detection techniques, such as rule-based, blacklist-based, and single-modality approaches, tend to be weak, fail to generalise to unfamiliar attacks, and lack interpretability. Although the latest deep learning-driven solutions have improved detection performance, they remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks and provide fewer explanations for security analysts. To mitigate such challenges, the current paper outlines a neuro-symbolic multimodal phishing detection system that combines textual, visual, and metadata features and links them via a cross-attention-based fusion module. The framework improves the consistency of decisions in data-driven representations by incorporating explicit symbolic reasoning, leading to better decision-making, particularly when considering obfuscated and adversarial phishing patterns. The diffusion-based adversarial augmentation approach improves accuracy against phishing attacks using AI-generated similes. Conversely, continuous learning can be achieved in an online adaptation module through a replay buffer in response to a time-varying attack distribution. The SHAP-based explainability module provides explanations for features, making predictions interpretable and transparent. Many experiments across a variety of publicly available phishing datasets demonstrate that the suggested approach is effective, achieving a potential ROC–AUC of up to 97% on clean test data. The model is also more resilient to adversarial perturbations and achieves absolute AUC gains of 6–7% in cross-dataset generalisation compared to competitive baselines. The results are reported as the mean and standard deviation of repeated runs, and statistical significance ( p < 0.05) is assessed to evaluate the reliability of the observed improvements. The suggested architecture provides a practical and reliable means of implementation, e.g., in security infrastructures such as email filters, web browsers, and enterprise threat intelligence systems, where robustness, generalisation, and interpretability are of utmost importance.
Lakshmi et al. (Fri,) studied this question.