Abstract In this work, the electromagnetic and gravitational form factors of Δ isobars, as well as the electromagnetic N- N - Δ transition form factors, are studied systematically and continuously using a covariant quark–diquark approach with the pion cloud effect. In our model, the baryon is treated as a two-body system to simplify calculations, and the quarks are assumed to be surrounded by the pion cloud. The related physical properties, such as the charge radius and magnetic moment of (1232) Δ (1232) and the helicity amplitudes of the N- N - Δ transition, are obtained and discussed. Our results for the form factors of both (1232) Δ (1232) and the electromagnetic N- N - Δ transition are in reasonable agreement with the experimental and lattice results. Moreover, we found that the pion cloud plays an important role in the results by increasing the magnetic transition form factor GM (t) G M (t) and shifting the sign of the D-term of Δ to negative.
Wang et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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