Newton’s theory of universal gravitation accurately describes the aggregation and orbital motion of massive matter under gravitational attraction, yet classical physics contains an irreparable fundamental flaw: gravitation only acts on formed matter and cannot explain the original energy source of all cosmic matter and forces. This physical confusion, unresolved for three centuries, is known as the prime mover puzzle. Mainstream physical systems rigidly classify the applicable scales of forces and separate the homologous nature of all interactions, failing to clarify the generative logic linking photon energy, material mass, and the three fundamental forces. Based on the Unified Theory of Light Origin, this paper conducts rigorous deductions combining mass-energy conversion equations, electron-positron annihilation experiments, and astronomical observations of black hole jets. The core conclusion is proposed: photons are pure primitive cosmic energy with zero mass. After high-energy photons are bound and aggregated in space, their primitive energy solidifies into massive physical particles. All massive objects inherently carry the strong force and universal gravitation, while charged matter simultaneously possesses Coulomb force (electromagnetic force). The three forces share the same origin and only differ in intensity due to acting distance and material aggregation scale; no force completely vanishes at any scale. Uniformly dispersed primitive photons spread across the early universe, and after transforming into discrete matter, all interactions drive mutual attraction and full-scale cosmic motion. The entire evolutionary process relies solely on the objective physical transition from energy to matter without invoking supernatural external forces, forming a complete materialist logical loop to resolve the prime mover puzzle. This paper only demonstrates reasoning around three forces: strong force, electromagnetic (Coulomb) force, and universal gravitation.
Jiaqing Yan (Tue,) studied this question.