Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health concern driven by obesity and metabolic factors. Type 2 diabetes accounts for over 90% of all diabetic cases. It is projected that approximately 853 million individuals will suffer from DM by 2050, representing an incidence of 1 in every 8 people. Managing DM is complex, leading to increased interest in plant-based medicines such as Tamarindus indica (Tamarind), a tropical tree known for its hypoglycemic properties. However, sufficient clinical evidence for its routine implementation in daily practice remains scarce. This article investigates the potential of Tamarindus indica as an anti-diabetic agent. Methods: We conducted searches across five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library) to identify literature reporting the hypoglycemic effects of Tamarind using in vivo and in vitro methods. Relevant literature was reviewed, and data were extracted to synthesize the current body of evidence. Results: Tamarind seeds, fruit, leaves, and other parts possess hypoglycemic effects through multiple mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidative pathways, inhibition of α- amylase and α-glucosidase, and modulation of insulin synthesis and glucose metabolism. As a medicinal plant, Tamarind exhibits promising multimodal anti-diabetic activity; furthermore, it supports the body's immune and metabolic systems. Discussion: Tamarind demonstrates strong anti-diabetic potential by lowering blood glucose levels, modulating lipid profiles, and protecting β-cells via its antioxidant properties. The primary mechanism of action appears to be the inhibition of the alpha-amylase enzyme, driven by a specific trypsin inhibitor protein found in tamarind seeds, which may be more potent than the plant's general antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects. This mechanism highlights Tamarind’s ability to regulate blood sugar spikes by preventing starch digestion at its source. Conclusion: Although Tamarind shows promising results, clinical evidence remains inconsistent due to heterogeneity in plant extracts, dosing, and study designs. Rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed to define its therapeutic role, establish optimal dosing, and explore its potential benefit in preventing the progression of prediabetes.
Abdulsattar et al. (Tue,) studied this question.