observed Hubble relationship between galactic recession velocity and distance. In an infinite, eternal universe, galaxies initially occupy all possible trajectories relative to any observer. Gravitational interactions over cosmological timescales eliminate galaxies on intersecting trajectories through mergers and deflections, leaving a population of predominantly non-intersecting, divergent trajectories. Observed from any point, this sorted population produces a velocity-distance relationship with the statistical character of the Hubble relationship without requiring universal expansion of space, dark energy, or any undetected substance.The author demonstrates this mechanism through a proof-of-concept N-body simulation of 200 galaxies with random initial positions and velocities, implementing Newtonian gravity and momentum-conserving mergers, which produces a significant positive velocity-distance correlation (Pearson r = 0.675) after sorting, with 84% of surviving galaxies receding. No expansion parameter, dark energy term, or tuned initial conditions are used. The publicly available simulation code has been run independently on Google Colab with consistent qualitative results.The author shows that the Hubble tension, the persistent 4 to 6 σ discrepancy between independent measurements of H0 yielding values of 63, 68, and 73 km/s/Mpc, is a direct prediction of the sorting mechanism: if the Hubble relationship is an emergent statistical property of a sorted population rather than a universal constant, different measurement methodologies probing different scales and epochs will return different values. The mechanism also naturally explains the approach of the Andromeda Galaxy as an incompletely sorted system rather than a local exception to universal expansion.The framework is consistent with the Colin et al. (2019) finding of 3.9-σ directional anisotropy in the Type Ia supernova dataset, the Wagner, Benisty and Karachentsev (2026) measurement of H0 = 63 ± 6 km/s/Mpc from galaxy group dynamics, and the JWST observations of mature galaxies at high redshift. Falsifiable predictions distinguishing the sorting mechanism from metric expansion are presented.The conclusions of this paper are established in the main BFUT paper 6. The present paper develops and substantiates those conclusions with full mathematical derivations and detailed evidential treatment, written to be accessible to specialists in observational astronomy, cosmology, and gravitational dynamics who can evaluate it on its own terms without requiring prior familiarity with the full BFUT framework.Gravitational sorting is not a speculative mechanism: hundreds of observed galaxy interactions, mergers, tidal distortions, and ongoing approach systems such as Andromeda already show that the observable galaxy population is dynamically filtered rather than kinematically pristine.
V. K. Sharma (Thu,) studied this question.