Comparative analysis of different energy-aware synchronisation control structures for grid-forming converters

This paper presents a comparative analysis of grid-forming (GFM) synchronisation controls that explicitly account for the converter’s internal energy in their structure. These approaches enable the GFM operation while considering the energy constraints of converters when no additional energy storage system is used. This allows these converters to support grid voltage and frequency stability. Here, an analytical comparison of the most relevant control structures is carried out using a common equivalent formulation. This analysis enables the characterisation of the different control structures and their GFM capabilities. Based on this framework, a unified tuning of their parameters is proposed. Finally, the analytical findings are validated through time-domain simulations, from which the final conclusions are drawn.