Classical electromagnetic theory holds that light is a continuous electromagnetic wave self-excited in vacuum, that electric and magnetic fields originate from charge sources, and that light waves are analogous to spatially extended mechanical waves such as water waves. This theoretical system has long contained a core logical paradox: photons carry no net electric charge yet continuously produce alternating electromagnetic fields, a physical origin which classical theory cannot self-consistently explain. This paper constructs a particle-based model: the intrinsic form of light is independent high-speed moving particles, rather than spatially diffuse continuous waves. During propagation, photons possess inherent trembling strictly perpendicular to their direction of travel. The moment a single photon is generated, it settles on a unique trembling orientation within the full 360° spatial range perpendicular to its propagation path; this orientation remains fixed permanently without external interactions. This paper puts forward an innovative viewpoint: the alternating electric field associated with photons does not stem from electrostatic fields excited by electric charges, but represents a dynamic spatial energy gradient effect formed by spatial perturbations arising from the trembling of photon energy bodies. Though photons bear no electric charge and cannot generate static electric fields, their sustained reciprocating perpendicular trembling periodically alters the spatial density distribution of surrounding energy, forming time-varying spatial gradients identifiable as alternating electric fields by observation. These gradients further couple to generate alternating magnetic fields. Polarization experiments directly verify the fixed trembling orientation and stable particle nature of photons. This paper strictly distinguishes the inherent trembling of individual particles from traditional spatial waves, negates the definition of photons as force carriers of electromagnetic interaction, and fully elaborates the mechanisms of lossless propagation in vacuum and energy attenuation in media, resolving the theoretical paradox of electromagnetic oscillation generation by charge-free particles.
Jiaqing Yan (Tue,) studied this question.