What question did this study set out to answer?

The study aims to analyze women's health and reproductive well-being indicators over time within the Jammu division.

July 3, 2026Open Access

Temporal Analysis of Women\'s Health Indicators in Jammu Division: A Study Using National Family Health Survey Rounds 4 and 5

MSMandeep Singh SPShashi Prabha NKNaveed Ahmed KhanAga Khan University

Key Points

The study aims to analyze women's health and reproductive well-being indicators over time within the Jammu division.
Utilized data from National Family Health Survey rounds 4 and 5 (2015-2021) to assess women's health indicators.
Assessments included early marriage, maternal health, nutritional status, and reproductive health through 14 standardized measures.
Spatial mapping was performed using GIS to visualize health outcome variations at the district level.
Significant health improvements observed in institutional deliveries and antenatal care coverage between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5.
Kathua, Jammu, and Samba districts exhibited better health metrics, indicating favorable infrastructure and service utilization.
Conversely, Ramban, Reasi, Doda, and Poonch faced challenges like high anemia rates and unmet family planning needs.

Abstract

This research investigates spatiotemporal variations in women's health and reproductive well-being across the Jammu division, using measures collected from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015-2016, and NFHS-5, 2019-2021), in Jammu division.The 14 measures used to represent variations in demographic and maternal, nutritional, and reproductive health include early marriage, female sterilization, institutional and cesarean deliveries, encore deliveries which were relates to skilled professionals, antenatal care (ANC) coverage, unmet need for family planning (spacing and limiting), anemia prevalence, low body mass index (BMI), high blood glucose, and pregnant women suffered from anemia.All indicators were standardized using the Z-statistical method to produce a composite index, which was mapped using GIS to show variations at the district level.Results indicate extensive variation in health outcomes-Kathua, Jammu, and Samba consistently showed high values indicating better infrastructure and better service utilization.Notably Ramban, Reasi, Doda, and Poonch had low values indicating a lack of utilization, infrastructure, and remoteness.Between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5, there had been most improvements for modelled health outcomes for institutional deliveries, cesarean deliveries, and ANC coverage.However, there were high anemia prevalence, low BMI, and unmet need for family planning in numerous districts and locations.The results would support district-specific health planning for health service mitigation and health outcomes, especially in the remoter areas in the region.Continued encouragement of health care outreach, nutrition programs, and reproductive services will be critical to reduce inequalities in health, and meeting the expectations of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-3 (Good Health and Wellbeing), and improving socio-economic positions, quality of lives, and ultimately women health and wellbeing.

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