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This review aims to explore the green synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles and their environmental applications. It seeks to assess the advantages and challenges in their production and use.

July 5, 2026

Research progress in environmental applications of green-synthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles – a review

Key Points

This review aims to explore the green synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles and their environmental applications. It seeks to assess the advantages and challenges in their production and use.
Reviewed existing literature on the green synthesis pathways of manganese oxide nanoparticles.
Analyzed physicochemical properties and functional applications related to environmental remediation.
Discussed the regulatory challenges and gaps in mechanistic understanding and synthesis scalability.
Manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized using biological methods demonstrate reduced environmental toxicity compared to traditional chemical methods.
Key phytochemicals contributing to nanoparticle synthesis include flavonoids, alkaloids, and proteins, enhancing stability and functionality.
Identified significant gaps in the mechanistic understanding of biological synthesis and the need for consistent regulatory frameworks.

Abstract

This review delves into the production of bio-inspired manganese oxide nanoparticles using green technology, highlighting sustainable plant and microbe-mediated bottom-up approaches. The scope of the review includes synthesis pathways, essential reduction and stabilization mechanisms, physicochemical properties and functional applications of manganese oxide nanoparticles. The key findings of this study substitute harmful chemicals in the production of nanoparticles by phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, reducing sugars, and microbial enzymes and metabolites, which are essential for regulating the nucleation, development, shape and stability of the nanoparticles. Green synthesis has many advantages over traditional chemical and physical approaches, such as decreased energy consumption, usage of costly equipment, lesser toxicity, cost-effectiveness and environmental compatibility. The review also highlights the biological activities and environmental nano-remediation potential of the manganese oxide nanoparticles, particularly in pollutant removal and catalytic applications. Although there are a lot of developments, significant gaps remain in the mechanistic understanding of biological reduction processes, synthesis reproducibility, scalability and the meticulous assessment of the toxicity and environmental fate. Additionally, the industrial and environmental implementation faces obstacles due to the absence of consistent regulatory frameworks. Bridging these gaps is critical for the safe, ecological and translational progression of the manganese oxide nanoparticles.HIGHLIGHTSEco-friendly synthesis of Manganese oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts and microorganismsExploring the physical, chemical and optical properties of the bio-inspired Manganese oxide nanoparticlesMetabolic processes involved in converting manganese ions into nanoparticles in biological Nano-factoriesBiological properties of Manganese oxide nanoparticles and their metabolismApplications of Manganese oxide nanoparticles in environmental nano-bioremediation of dyes, heavy metals, hydrocarbons and plastics

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