What question did this study set out to answer?

The study aims to reassess pre-Old Korean titles for Paekche kings and their sound correspondences in ancient texts.

July 12, 2026Open Access

Revisiting yuluoxia (於羅瑕)and jianjizhi (鞬吉支)

Key Points

The study aims to reassess pre-Old Korean titles for Paekche kings and their sound correspondences in ancient texts.
Analyzed the phonetic correlations between yuluoxia and jianjizhi from historical records.
Explored the loanwords in the context of Paekchean influence on Western Old Japanese.
Investigated title structures from Koguryŏ and Silla related to the appellations.
Yuluo- corresponded to a Paekchean loan in Western Old Japanese, tied to the notion of esteem for man.
Jian- aligned with aristocratic titles in Silla, connecting to the meaning of king or lord.
The analysis revealed significant phonetic and semantic links between ancient titles across different cultures.

Abstract

Abstract This article re-evaluated two pre-Old Korean appellations for Paekche kings, yuluoxia ( 於羅瑕 ) and jianjizhi ( 鞬吉支 ) from the Zhoushu ( 周書 ), and their proposed sound correspondences orikoke ( オリコケ ) and konikishi ( コニキシ ) from the Nihon shoki ( 日本書紀 ). As a conclusion, yuluo- ( 於羅 ) corresponded to a Paekchean loan in Western Old Japanese, derived from proto-Japonic *era- > WOJ ira ‘high esteem for man.’ - Xia ( 瑕 ) parallelled to - jia ( 加 ) in official titles from Koguryŏ and Puyŏ. Similarly, jian- ( 鞬 ) aligned with - kan- ( 干 ) for the pre-OK ** kan ~ ɣan ‘king, lord’ in Silla aristocratic titles. - Zhi ( 支 ) meaning ‘sir, lord’ shared variants such as - ji ( 伎 ) ~ - qi ( 岐 ), linked to the pre-OK **ke > kje(j) > ki, and the phonograms jie - ( 皆 ) ∼ - xie ( 諧 ) ∼ - jie - ( 解 ), - ke ( 奚 ) for pre-OK **kej ∼ kəj. - Jizhi ( 吉支 ) was a variant of - kilji ( 吉之 ) ~ - jishi ( 吉士 ) ~ - jishi ( 吉師 ) as pre-OK **ki.si meaning “sir, lord” originated from the appellation for Jizi ( 箕子 ) in Puyŏ-type language.

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