Integrating Research Evidence and Community Knowledge to Improve Inclusive Social Service Delivery in Nepal: A Qualitative Study

Inclusive social service delivery is critical in Nepal, where geographic, socio-economic, and cultural disparities limit access to essential services. This study explored how social workers, government actors, and community-based organizations (CBOs) integrate research evidence with community-knowledge to enhance service inclusiveness and effectiveness. Using a qualitative design, five districts representing diverse regions were purposefully selected. Forty informants, including social workers, government staff, non-governmental organization (NGO) personnel, and CBO members, participated in semi-structured interviews conducted in Nepali and English. Data were analyzed thematically using NVivo, guided by Bacchi’s “What’s the Problem Represented to be?” (WPR) framework to examine problem definitions, strategies, and assumptions shaping service delivery. Findings reveal that participatory engagement, adaptation of evidence-based interventions, and attention to social norms are central strategies. Integrating local insights helped address service gaps, mobilize marginalized groups, and foster sustainable practices. Social workers facilitated dialogue and reflective practice, CBOs leveraged grassroots networks, and government actors provided institutional legitimacy, though challenges included geographic barriers, limited capacity, and hierarchical decision-making. The study highlights that combining research and local knowledge improves relevance, participation, and sustainability of social services. Policy implications include participatory mechanisms, capacity-building, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Future research should examine long-term outcomes and user perspectives across diverse contexts.