Modern particle physics and quantum field theory regard electrons as strictly identical particles, claiming that all electrons in the universe share identical mass, energy and internal structures with no distinguishable differences. This viewpoint is merely an idealized assumption formulated by physicists to simplify calculations, rather than an objective law governing the microscopic world. According to the Light Origin Theory, an electron is a stable cluster aggregated by high-energy gamma photons bound through self-locking forces, with a benchmark rest energy of 511000 eV (511 keV). A single visible-light photon carries only 2.5 eV of energy; electrons can continuously absorb and emit a large number of visible-light photons within their stable energy range, accompanied by minor continuous variations in total energy and equivalent mass. Electrons objectively possess a stable energy threshold range, yet the precise upper and lower limits and exact fluctuation ratio of this threshold have not been quantitatively measured by any experimental apparatus worldwide to date, and its existence can only be qualitatively confirmed via physical phenomena. Within the threshold range, the binding structure of electrons remains intact and the particle identity is preserved. Nevertheless, each electron inherently differs in the total quantity of internal bound photons, total energy density and equivalent mass. Just as no two identical leaves exist in nature, there are no two identical electrons, positrons, protons or neutrons in the universe. The roughly consistent macroscopic properties such as charge and spin exhibited by particles only represent observational equivalence, rather than identical microscopic structures. When the total energy of an electron exceeds either the upper or lower bound of the stable threshold, the self-locking binding structure of photons collapses completely, and the electron fully dissociates, with all its constituent structures reduced to free high-energy gamma photons. The sole product of particle dissociation is photons, with no other microscopic structures generated. Experiments on electron-positron annihilation and high-energy electron scattering clearly verify this physical mechanism. This paper fundamentally revises the core assumption of identical particles in existing theories and establishes a new system of non-identical microscopic particles based on photon binding thresholds.
Jiaqing Yan (Sun,) studied this question.