Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative platform in modern bioscience by enabling direct interaction with biological systems at their intrinsic nanoscale dimensions. Beyond its established role in nanomedicine, nano-enabled biology is increasingly reshaping diverse fields, including diagnostics, therapeutics, microbiology, immune engineering, agriculture, and environmental biosciences. This review/Perspective critically examines the evolution of nano-enabled biological systems, emphasizing how engineered organic, inorganic, and biomimetic nanomaterials interact with biomolecules, cells, microbial communities, and complex living environments to overcome the limitations of conventional biological approaches. Emphasis is placed on advances in nano-enabled biosensing, antimicrobial and antibiofilm strategies, targeted and stimuli-responsive therapeutics, and integrated theragnostic platforms that combine diagnosis, treatment, and real-time biological feedback. In addition, the review highlights the central role of the bio-nano interface in determining biological identity, immune modulation, nanotoxicological responses, and environmental fate, underscoring the importance of safe-by-design strategies in the development of next-generation nanomaterials. Rather than treating nanotechnology solely as a materials-driven discipline, this work positions it as a foundational biological tool capable of dynamically interacting with living systems. Finally, emerging frontiers including biomimetic nanosystems, artificial intelligence-guided design, and synthetic biology integration are discussed as key enablers for the development of intelligent, adaptive, and autonomous nano-enabled platforms.
K. Kaviyarasu (Wed,) studied this question.