Oxidative Stress and It's Pharmacological Interventions in Chronic Diseases

Oxidative stress is a pathological condition resulting from an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species ROS and the antioxidant defense mechanisms of the body. Excessive generation of free radicals leads to cellular damage involving lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, thereby contributing to the development and progression of several chronic diseases. Oxidative stress has been implicated in diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, chronic kidney disease and inflammatory conditions. Pharmacological interventions targeting oxidative stress include natural antioxidants, synthetic antioxidant compounds, enzyme-based therapies and novel nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. Natural compounds such as curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin and flavonoids exhibit significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Synthetic agents including N-acetyl cysteine, edaravone and butylated hydroxytoluene have also demonstrated therapeutic potential in reducing oxidative damage. Recent advancements in nanomedicine and mitochondria-targeted antioxidants offer promising strategies for improving therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability. This review article discuss the mechanisms of oxidative stress, its role in chronic diseases and current pharmacological approaches aimed at minimizing oxidative injury and improving clinical outcomes.