The Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis

Abstract : This paper presents a novel model of intrusion analysis built by analysts, derived from years of experience, asking the simple question, What is the underlying method to our work? The model establishes the basic atomic element of any intrusion activity, the event, composed of four core features: adversary, infrastructure, capability, and victim. These features are edge-connected representing their underlying relationships and arranged in the shape of a diamond, giving the model its name: the Diamond Model. It further defines additional meta-features to support higher-level constructs such as linking events together into activity threads and further coalescing events and threads into activity groups. These elements, the event, thread, and group all contribute to a foundational and comprehensive model of intrusion activity built around analytic processes. It captures the essential concepts of intrusion analysis and adversary operations while allowing the model flexibility to expand and encompass new ideas and concepts. The model establishes, for the first time, a formal method applying scientific principles to intrusion analysis - particularly those of measurement, testability, and repeatability - providing a comprehensive method of activity documentation, synthesis, and correlation. This scientific approach and simplicity produces improvements in analytic effectiveness, efficiency, and accuracy. Ultimately, the model provides opportunities to integrate intelligence in real-time for network defense, automating correlation across events, classifying events with confidence into adversary campaigns, and forecasting adversary operations while planning and gaming mitigation strategies.