Ukrainian forced migrants in Poland and Spain: social and institutional dimensions of trust

The study focuses on the issue of interpreting data on the trust of Ukrainian forced migrants in various social groups and state institutions in Poland and Spain (as their host countries) and Ukraine (as their send country) in correlation with modern theories of trust. It is highlighted the idea that trust is a variable that transforms in space, time, and at the individual level, which should not be considered an innate human parameter, but rather a consequence of learning and its impact on behaviour. It is emphasized the position that scholars pay attention to two dimensions of trust in the context of integration and adaptation of migrants to a new environment, in particular, social and institutional, which have a high level of correlation. A significant amount of scientific literature on the study and conceptualization of the theory of trust has been processed, on the basis of which it is noted that foreign sources are characterized by a combination (fragmentary and contextual) of pre-migrant experience and its impact on trust in the host countries, while domestic sources do not present such specifics. The investigation puts forward hypotheses grouped into thematic fields («institutional and political», «social», «psychological», and «experience and motives»), which outline the peculiarities of the social and institutional dimensions of trust. It is noted that the level of trust is higher in countries with higher objective indicators of democracy. The systemic discourse plays a primary role not only as the spatial environment of a migrant's stay, but also as its’ institutional and social field, within which behaviour appropriate to established norms and customs is generated. Additionally, it is noted that the change of place of migrants’ residence influenced the rationalization of motives in their actions, and also increased their trusting attitude towards strangers. It is emphasized that a qualitative change in the environment can have a significant positive impact on the process of overcoming psychological trauma and shocks received during the wartime in Ukraine. Key words: institutional trust; social trust; generalized trust; migration; forced migrants; trust theory.