Biodegradation of Plastic Waste: Environmental Implications and Remediation Approaches

Microplastics, defined as plastic particles less than 5 mm in size, have become a pervasive environmental pollutant, threatening ecosystems and human health. This review paper explores the chemistry of microplastics, focusing on their degradation pathways, environmental behavior, and ecological impacts. The study examines the physical, chemical, and biological degradation mechanisms of microplastics, including photodegradation, hydrolysis, and microbial degradation, and their role in the generation of secondary pollutants. Additionally, the paper discusses the environmental distribution, toxicity, and bioaccumulation of microplastics in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Emerging mitigation strategies, such as advanced oxidation processes, enzymatic degradation, and biodegradable alternatives, are also reviewed. By synthesizing recent research, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of microplastic pollution and guide future efforts toward sustainable solutions.