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September 10, 2025Open Access

Liquid clues: tracking early-stage breast cancer with ctDNA - a mini review

Key Points

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) may improve early detection in patients with non-metastatic breast cancer, enhancing clinical outcomes.
Assay sensitivity advancements can facilitate monitoring treatment responses and residual disease, providing better patient care.
Key therapeutic intervention trials integrating ctDNA into management strategies are essential for improving clinical practice in early breast cancer.
The potential of ctDNA lies in its application for personalized medicine in early-stage breast cancer, with significant future implications.

Abstract

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a testing modality that has several potential applications in the management of non-metastatic breast cancer. In this mini review, we discuss its role in early detection, treatment response assessment, and surveillance for minimal residual disease (MRD). We also review technological advances that may increase assay sensitivity. Finally, we highlight key prospective therapeutic intervention trials that evaluate the incorporation of ctDNA into clinical management of early breast cancer.

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