Rapid industrialization and excessive agrochemical use have caused severe environmental contamination, threatening human, animal, and ecosystem health. Fertilizers and pesticides, though boosting yields, degrade soil, disrupt microbial communities, and pollute air and water. Long-term exposure leads to cancer, neurological disorders, hormonal imbalance, and biodiversity loss. Addressing pesticide contamination is urgent, especially under climate change. Bioremediation offers a cost-effective, eco-friendly solution, employing microbes, plants, and advanced biotechnologies. Bacteria (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Sphingobium, Agrobacterium), fungi (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, white rot fungi), and algae (Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Spirulina) metabolize pesticides into less toxic compounds. Phytoremediation and modern tools like metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, synthetic biology, bioelectrochemical systems, and machine learning enhance degradation strategies. However, challenges include slow rates, environmental variability, GMO risks, and limited field validation. Future research must emphasize large-scale studies, integration of biotechnology and nanotechnology, and global collaboration to improve efficiency and field applicability of bioremediation.
Maha Aljabri (Thu,) studied this question.