It is indicated that in the countries of Eastern Europe, in particular in Ukraine, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia, the formation of national human rights institutions took place in the context of democratic transformations, the establishment of the rule of law and the transition to democratic governance. Among such institutions, a special role is played by human rights ombudsmen, who can operate under parliaments, government structures or other authorities. Their activities are aimed either at ensuring general respect for human rights (for example, an ombudsman), or at protecting the rights of certain categories of persons (such as a child rights ombudsman), or in specific areas (for example, an education ombudsman). The establishment and legal foundations of national human rights institutions (hereinafter referred to as NHRIs) in Ukraine and Eastern European countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia) have been studied. It has been found that this process took place in the context of establishing the rule of law and transition to democratic governance. It has been proven that a special place in the system of human rights institutions is occupied by human rights ombudsmen established under parliaments, governments and other authorities. The European Network of National Human Rights Institutions has been analyzed, the members of which are those NHRIs that have the right to vote, since they fully comply with the UN Paris Principles and are accredited with status A (the Commissioner for Human Rights of Poland and the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine). In addition, there are non-voting members that partially comply with the UN Paris Principles and are accredited with status B (the Hungarian Ombudsman and the Slovak National Centre for Human Rights) and associate members (the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and the Public Defender of Human Rights of the Czech Republic). The best practices and reports on the activities of the Public Defender of Rights of the Czech Republic, the Hungarian Ombudsman, the Polish Ombudsman, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, the Slovak National Centre for Human Rights and the Ombudsman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine were examined. It was found that only in Poland the Ombudsman has a tab on the official website on the procedure for applying translated into Ukrainian to facilitate the submission of complaints by hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian refugees.
Menzhul et al. (Sun,) studied this question.