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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of bone defects have been widely reported as a cell-free therapy because of their appropriate stability and biocompatibility. However, EV isolation is expensive and time-consuming. We developed a method of modifying EVs derived from bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs) via the cationic polymer (ERP) with characteristics of charge reversal and esterase response (ERP-EVs). When simply mixing BMSCs-EVs with ERP at a 1:1 ratio, ERP-EVs significantly enhanced the osteogenesis of BMSCs. More EVs were released by ERP in BMSCs than in fibroblasts, realizing the selective release. Last, ERP-EVs were loaded on an nHA/CS-MS scaffold and showed enhanced bone regeneration on rat calvarial bone defects
Chen et al. (Sat,) studied this question.
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