The Role of Modified Atmosphere Packaging in Reducing Postharvest Losses a

Modified Atmosphere Storage (MAS) and Packaging (MAP) are advanced preservation technologies widely utilized in the post-harvest handling of fruits, vegetables, and poultry products to extend shelf life, maintain quality, and reduce spoilage. These methods involve altering the atmospheric composition within storage or packaging environments, typically by reducing oxygen levels and increasing carbon dioxide concentrations. The three main gases utilized in food processing are carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), and oxygen (O2). The majority of fresh fruits, vegetables, and food items are made using various combinations of two or three of these gases, depending on what the demands of the particular product are. Generally, a 30–60% CO2 split is utilized for non-respiring items, where microbial growth is the primary spoiling characteristic. The remaining amount can either be pure N2 (for foods sensitive to O2) or a combination of N2 and O2. In order to minimize the respiration rate, around 5% CO2 and O2 are often employed for respiring products gas level, with N2 making up the remaining amount. This creates conditions that slow down metabolic activities, microbial growth, and oxidative reactions. For fruits and vegetables, MAS and MAP help in delaying ripening, reducing respiration rates, and maintaining texture and nutritional value. In the case of poultry products, these technologies are crucial in minimizing microbial contamination, preventing spoilage, and maintaining sensory attributes such as colour, flavour, and tenderness.