Development and external validation of a predictive model for type 2 diabetic retinopathy

Abstract Diabetes retinopathy (DR) is a critical clinical disease with that causes irreversible visual damage in adults, and may even lead to permanent blindness in serious cases. Early identification and treatment of DR is critical. Our aim was to train and externally validate a prediction nomogram for early prediction of DR. 2381 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were retrospective study from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University in Xinjiang, China, hospitalised between Jan 1, 2019 and Jun 30, 2022. 962 patients with T2DM from the Suzhou BenQ Hospital in Jiangsu, China hospitalised between Jul 1, 2020 to Jun 30, 2022 were considered for external validation. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors and establish a nomogram to predict the occurrence of DR. The performance of the nomogram was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), a calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Neutrophil, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 25(OH)D3, Duration of T2DM, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) were used to establish a nomogram model for predicting the risk of DR. In the development and external validation groups, the areas under the curve of the nomogram constructed from the above five factors were 0.834 (95%CI 0.820–0.849) and 0.851 (95%CI 0.829–0.874), respectively. The nomogram demonstrated excellent performance in the calibration curve and DCA. This research has developed and externally verified that the nomograph model shows a good predictive ability in assessing DR risk in people with type 2 diabetes. The application of this model will help clinicians to intervene early, thus effectively reducing the incidence rate and mortality of DR in the future, and has far-reaching significance in improving the long-term health prognosis of diabetes patients.