Ukrainian Labor Migrants and Refugees in Еuropean Countries: Conflicting Nature of Migration Policies in Modern Societies

This paper critically examines and evaluates theoretical approaches to the internal conflict phenomenon of migration in the context of modern dynamics. The paper is devoted to the study of contemporary migration processes between Ukraine and European countries in the context of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The authors analyze theoretical approaches to the study of migration. In particular, based on an analysis of the literature, it was shown that simplified concepts, such as the "push and pull" theory, are not relevant for studying the migration of Ukrainians in European countries. Instead, the authors emphasize the need to apply new models, in particular, the theory of "migration aspirations and capabilities." The article considers the conflicting ideological approaches to the formation of migration policies of European countries, in particular the concepts of multiculturalism and assimilation. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of Poland's migration policy as one of the main recipient countries for Ukrainian migrants and refugees. The successes and gaps in Poland's integration strategies are analyzed, in particular the problem of "brain drain" of highly qualified workers from Ukraine. The need for a differentiated approach to different groups of migrants and the involvement of regional authorities in the development of migration policy is emphasized. The paper also highlights the gender aspect of migration processes, focusing on the specific challenges faced by women refugees from Ukraine. Issues of adaptation, preservation of cultural identity and overcoming internal conflicts in the new environment are considered. The importance of taking into account the factor of having minor children and elderly relatives in the process of integrating women refugees is emphasized. Overall, the article demonstrates a comprehensive approach to the study of migration processes, combining theoretical analysis, empirical data and gender studies. The authors attempt to expand the theoretical and methodological apparatus of migration research in the context of improving the understanding of the dynamics of modernity and its conflicts.