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Objective: This paper's purpose is to comprehensively analyse and review the International Conventions that serve as the basis for the signatory countries to frame their legal framework based on the principal foundations of the standardised conventions in their domestic laws and establish policy developments in their jurisdictions. Theoretical Framework: Today, in the technological era, which has provided a platform for connection with ease, it has been beneficial to society, but with that, it has become a bane for the vulnerable group of individuals who easily become victims such as youth and children who are being sexual exploitation or abused especially children who are minor in the virtual world. Method: The review and analysis are substantiated by a review of journal articles and scholarly publications dealing with the issues of child exploitation and abuse and news reports. Results and Discussion: Digital technology usage has increased in the past few years, specifically after and during the pandemic, leading to a reported and unreported considerable number of cases of sexual child exploitation and abuse and increasing in child pornography. International reports highlight the dilemmas of regulatory measures taken at different levels. Internationally and nationally, measures and robust legal mechanisms are not in place to curb such crimes. Failure of cooperation and coordination at the international and national levels regarding robust online virtual norms and sufficient legislative measures has also been one of the reasons for the increasing crime rate of sexual abuse and exploitation. Conclusion: Cooperation and legal systems have to be set up in such a way that could not raise jurisdiction issues, specifically crimes against children in the virtual digital world, not only affecting them physically but also having considerable impact emotionally and mentally.
Pardhey et al. (Thu,) studied this question.