Combining deep learning and common sense knowledge via neurosymbolic integration is essential for semantically rich scene representation and intuitive visual reasoning. This survey paper delves into data- and knowledge-driven scene representation and visual reasoning approaches based on deep learning, common sense knowledge and neurosymbolic integration. It explores how scene graph generation, a process that detects and analyses objects, visual relationships and attributes in scenes, serves as a symbolic scene representation. This representation forms the basis for higher-level visual reasoning tasks such as visual question answering, image captioning, image retrieval, image generation, and multimodal event processing. Infusing common sense knowledge, particularly through the use of heterogeneous knowledge graphs, improves the accuracy, expressiveness and reasoning ability of the representation and allows for intuitive downstream reasoning. Neurosymbolic integration in these approaches ranges from loose to tight coupling of neural and symbolic components. The paper reviews and categorises the state-of-the-art knowledge-based neurosymbolic approaches for scene representation based on the types of deep learning architecture, common sense knowledge source and neurosymbolic integration used. The paper also discusses the visual reasoning tasks, datasets, evaluation metrics, key challenges and future directions, providing a comprehensive review of this research area and motivating further research into knowledge-enhanced and data-driven neurosymbolic scene representation and visual reasoning.
Khan et al. (2024) studied this question.