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This paper introduces a Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization (MDO) approach for the design of a tiltrotor wing, utilizing as test case a semi-wing with integrated nacelle and rotor. Structural integrity is assessed via stress analysis on a GFEM, which also forms the basis for a coupled wing-rotor aeroelastic model to ensure whirlflutter stability. Aerodynamic performance is assessed through CFD analysis of two-dimensional wing's airfoil shape. The MDO workflow leverages three levels of design space control that can influence the structural response of the wing: other than controlling the structural properties of composite materials, the internal wing-box architecture and external airfoil shape are modified acting directly on the FEM by means of a mesh morphing technique. This methodology allows for the use of mid-fidelity finite element models, bypassing CAD reshaping and remeshing. Validation tests confirm the approach's effectiveness in producing optimized designs. Additionally, the study explores surrogate models as efficient alternatives to CFD simulations, yielding sufficiently accurate results while reducing computational costs and the MDO simulation time.
Punzi et al. (Tue,) studied this question.