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Abstract The capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are pivotal for refining patient stratification and subtype discrimination in clinical trials. Conventional ML methods often rely on large data sets for meaningful discoveries. NetraAI is a novel ML approach designed and trained to work with smaller data sets. The challenge with smaller data sets is that they do not reflect the totality of the disease that they represent. NetraAI employs a novel approach termed “Sub-Insight Learning”, utilizing validated mathematical methods to analyze even small patient data sets. This allows the system to decompose the data sets into high and low confidence patient subpopulations, enhancing predictive model accuracy and reducing overfitting. Further, the system explains what variables are driving the etiology defining the subpopulations of patients. Using two non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) data sets (GSE18842 and GSE10245) consisting of only 104 samples from adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), NetraAI distinguished the two subtypes through unique genetic signatures. Notably, nine of the ten variables identified correlate with known NSCLC markers, with PIGX emerging as a novel target. Leveraging protein-protein interaction networks (PPI) revealed connections between PIGX and BACE1. BACE1 has been implicated as a driver of NSCLC brain metastasis. These findings shed light on the biology of membrane proteins and their post-translational modifications, a factor implicated in various diseases, prompting further exploration. NetraAI demonstrates a significant breakthrough in precision medicine for oncology, capable of generating meaningful insights from small data sets. The discovery of novel biomarkers and their implications in cancer and other diseases underline the potential of this AI-driven approach in advancing current research paradigms and patient-specific treatments. Citation Format: Bessi Qorri, Mike J. Tsay, Paul Leonchyk, Larry Alphs, Luca Pani, Joseph Geraci. The power of NetraAI: Precision medicine in oncology through sub-insight learning from small data sets abstract. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts) ; 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84 (7Suppl): Abstract nr LB396.
Qorri et al. (Fri,) studied this question.