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This contribution provides high-fidelity images of real granular materials with the aid of X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT), and employs a multi-sphere representation to reconstruct non-spherical particles. Through discrete-element method (DEM) simulations of granular samples composed of these non-spherical clumps, the effect of particle shape on the macroscopic mechanical response and microscopic soil fabric evolution is examined for soil assemblies under triaxial compression. Simulation results indicate that materials with more irregular particles tend to show higher shear resistance in both peak and critical states, while exhibiting higher void ratio under isotropic loading conditions and in the critical state. The proposed critical state parameters for describing the sensitivity of the mean coordination number to confining pressures are larger as particles become more irregular. At a microscopic level of observation, directional and scalar parameters of particle contacts are sensitive to predefined particle shapes. More irregular materials appear to exhibit higher fabric anisotropy with respect to particle orientation in the critical state, while the branch vector is affected by both contact modes and particle shape. The critical stress ratio from the simulation results is validated by comparing with experimental results, and further found to be linearly linked to the shape-weighted fabric anisotropy indices.
Li et al. (Sun,) studied this question.