Antibiotic Resistance Status: Review Article

A. AntibioticsOver the past 70 years, antibiotics, also known as antimicrobial agents, have emerged as the mainstay for the treatment of infectious diseases and have played a major role in the remarkable advancement of global health.Currently, millions of people survive infections that were once fatal 1 .Antimicrobial agents' mechanism of antimicrobial activity can be divided into groups.Agents that depolarize the cell membrane (lipopeptides), inhibit protein synthesis (bind to 30S ribosomal subunit, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, bind to 50S ribosomal subunit, chloramphenicol), inhibit nucleic acid synthesis (quinolones, fluoroquin-olones), and inhibit metabolic pathways in bacteria (sulfonamides, trimethoprim) are the main categories of agents that do these things.The significant resistance issue that has been discovered has been facilitated by antimicrobial agents.Antimicrobial drug consumption, both by humans and animals, has increased, and incorrect antimicrobial therapy prescriptions have also contributed to the growing problem of resistance.Physician overuse of many common antimicrobial agents may arise from the combination of low cost and low toxicity in drug selection.Antimicrobial medication prescription errors may also occur.For example, a broad-spectrum medication may be prescribed initially even though it is not needed or may later be discovered to be ineffective against the organism or organisms causing the infection.The risk lies in the fact that overuse of antibiotics by humans can cause resistant organisms to emerge.Furthermore, a patient's risk of infection with a drug-resistant organism increases with previous use of antimicrobial medications, and patients who have received the greatest antimicrobial exposure are typically those who have resistant bacterial infections 2 .Antibiotic resistance is increasing to dangerously high levels worldwide these days.Treatments for common infectious diseases are in danger of becoming less effective due to the emergence and global spread of new resistance mechanisms.As antibiotics lose their effectiveness, a growing number of infections, including gonorrhea, pneumonia, TB, blood poisoning, and food-borne illnesses, are getting harder and occasionally impossible to treat.The development and spread of antibiotic resistance are exacerbated in situations where antibiotics are freely purchased for use in humans or animals.Similar to this, in nations lacking established treatment protocols, medical professionals and veterinarians frequently overprescribe antibiotics, and the general public frequently uses them excessively.If immediate action is not taken, we are rapidly approaching a post-antibiotic era where common infections and minor injuries will once again be lethal3.Antibiotic residues stop bacterial growth as soon as they pass through passive diffusion and into bacterial cells in the environment.However, by stopping aminoacyl-tRNA molecules from attaching to the 30S ribosomal subunit, other antibiotics hinder the production of proteins in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.There are two ways that bacteria become resistant to these antibiotics: (i) the multiantibiotic resistance pump, and (ii) bacterial resistance conferring 4 .Both the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States have released reports on antibiotic resistance, and reports on the topic have been generated globally.The WHO report "Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance" issues a dire warning, stating that humanity faces a crisis that may prevent the world from discovering a cure for a number of common infectious diseases.In an attempt to control antibiotic resistance, WHO advises forming alliances involving all healthcare providers, including nations, governments, nongovernmental organizations, international organizations, and the public and private health care sectors.A Public Health Action Plan to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance, a draft document from the CDC, highlights that drug-resistant pathogens are becoming a greater threat to everyone, regardless of background, sex, or age.Eleven priority items concerning surveillance, prevention and control, research, and new product development concerning agricultural and human issues are listed in the Action Plan 5 .