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Background: Determining the concentration of nanoparticles in marine organisms is important for evaluating their environmental impact and to assess potential food safety risks to human health. Objective: The current work aimed at developing an in-house method based on single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry suitable for surveillance of nanoparticles in mussels. Method: A new low-cost and simple protease mixture was utilized for sample digestion, and a novel open-source data processing was used, establishing detection limits on a statistical basis using false positive and false negative probabilities. The method was validated for 30 and 60 nm gold nanoparticles spiked to mussels as a proxy for seafood. Results: Recoveries were 76-77% for particle mass concentration and 94-101% for particle number concentration. Intermediate precision was 8-9% for particle mass concentration and 7-8% for particle number concentration. Detection limits for size was 18 nm and for concentration 1.7 ng/g and 4.2 x 105 particles/g mussel tissue. Conclusion: The performance characteristics of the method were satisfying compared with numeric Codex criteria. Further, the method was applied to titanium-, chromium- and copper-based particles in mussels. Highlights: The method demonstrates a new practical and cost-effective sample treatment and streamlined, transparent and reproducible data treatment for the routine surveillance of NPs in mussels.
Bruvold et al. (Tue,) studied this question.