Ocean response to a century of observation-based freshwater forcing around Greenland in EC-Earth3

Abstract The acceleration of Greenland ice sheet melting over the past decades is raising concern regarding the impacts on ocean circulation in the North Atlantic and Arctic regions. Global climate models struggle to assess these impacts as they do not include a realistic amount of meltwater from the Greenland ice sheet. Using an extended observation-based dataset of runoff and solid ice discharge for the recent historical period (1920–2019), we force the EC-Earth3 climate model following the ensemble approach and protocol of a previous study using a different model. We observe a slight increase of the ensemble mean AMOC with a large spread in the response: 0. 20 0. 81 0. 20 ± 0. 81 Sv for the maximum AMOC at 45 ^ ∘ N. We notice that members with a strong initial AMOC state (18 Sv) show a strengthening of the AMOC, while members with intermediate AMOC strength between 16 and 18 Sv are not affected by the freshwater forcing. Weaker initial AMOC members respond with a mean weakening of -\, 0. 21 0. 58 - 0. 21 ± 0. 58 Sv of the AMOC. The AMOC ensemble spread is reduced by half in the freshwater forced ensemble at the end of the experiment and the negative trend is stronger compared to historical simulations without the forcing. This suggests the possible ability of the freshwater to constrain AMOC variability on multi-decadal time-scales. Comparison of the two ten member ensembles with ORAS5 reanalysis shows a reduction of the surface temperature and salinity biases in the freshwater forced ensemble in key regions such as the North Atlantic subpolar gyre and the Beaufort Gyre relative to the historical simulations. Recent trends are also more aligned with reanalysis in those regions. Arctic Ocean Atlantic Water subsurface core temperature is also closer to reanalysis but still strongly biassed. Members with a high AMOC initial state display an unrealistic Atlantic water layer core depth.