Industrial distribution and its effect on land surface temperature (LST) in Sukoharjo Regency in 2001, 2009 and 2021

Abstract The expansion of human activities, driven by population growth and various societal needs, has led to significant land-use changes, resulting in microclimate modifications. These changes have a crucial impact on land surface temperature (LST), particularly in urban areas. Urbanization, transportation, industrialization, and urban settlements are the main factors contributing to LST variations. This study focuses on the distribution of industries and their influence on land surface temperature in Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java, during the years 2001, 2009, and 2021. The research utilizes Landsat satellite imagery to analyze the industrial distribution and LST in the study area. The images were acquired on August 27, 2001, June 14, 2009, and July 25, 2021. The methodology includes land-use classification, LST extraction, and regression analysis to assess the relationship between industrial land area and land surface temperature. The results show a significant increase in the number of industries in Sukoharjo Regency over the studied period, with a growth rate of over 100% from 2001 to 2010 and further expansion until 2021. The industrial areas exhibited a clear spatial distribution in all years, indicating the impact of industrialization on land use. The regression analysis revealed a relationship between the industrial land area and land surface temperature, suggesting that expanding industries contributes to higher land surface temperatures. These findings provide valuable insights for urban planning and environmental management in Sukoharjo Regency to mitigate the impacts of climate change and promote sustainable development.