The British Government's involvement in India regarding caste and untouchability from the Battle of Plassey until India's independence reveals a primarily economic and imperialistic agenda. The East India Company, motivated by profit, exerted control over India's regions without implementing meaningful welfare initiatives for the oppressed classes. Legislative acts such as the Regulating Act of 1773 and successive Charter Acts established administrative powers but largely disregarded the social conditions of the oppressed, preferring to maintain the status quo of caste and socio-religious norms. Although some reforms, like the Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850 and the Special Marriage Act of 1872, emerged under British rule, these were typically reactive to the pressures from social reformers rather than proactive moves towards eliminating caste discrimination. The introduction of English education benefited the upper castes, while attempts to integrate non-Brahmin castes into public services aimed to quell dissent by ensuring representation. The intricate relationship between caste and colonial governance was highlighted by the British strategy of 'divide and rule', notably seen in military recruitment practices, which emphasized the importance of caste identities for maintaining control. The socio-economic dynamics during the colonial period, including industrialization and infrastructure developments, began to erode traditional caste structures by creating new job opportunities that required social mobility. Despite minimal intervention in personal laws governed by caste, British legal reforms, including those addressing criminal justice and marriage, disrupted traditional caste authority. These changes allowed for greater interaction across caste lines, reducing rigidity within the caste system. Key figures like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar emerged to advocate for the rights of depressed classes, seeking political representation and equality, culminating in the recognition of these rights in the 1935 Constitution of India. The British Government's eventual recognition of the issues faced by the Depressed Classes and the announcement of the 'Communal Award' marked a significant, albeit late, acknowledgment of the need for legal equality, which laid the groundwork for further social reform beyond colonial rule. Overall, the British Government's policies reflected a complex interplay between economic ambitions and the gradual push towards recognizing and addressing caste injustices in India.
Ruchi Vats (2024) studied this question.