The mainstream ΛCDM model relies on unobserved entities such as dark matter and dark energy, and fails to clarify the intrinsic properties of fundamental fields. In this paper, we propose a minimalist cosmological model without additional assumptions: taking the Background Reference Field (BRF)—which does not participate in dynamical evolution—as the geometric basis, the universe’s sole primordial fundamental field exhibits two dual states, namely the radial convergent state (mass-bound, manifesting as gravitational effects) and the divergent state (non mass-bound, manifesting as repulsive effects). Electric and magnetic fields are all derivative fields of this primordial field. The scale dependence of field coupling determines the cosmic evolutionary characteristics where gravity dominates at small scales and repulsion prevails at large scales. Through basic mathematical formalization and order-of-magnitude matching, we verify the feasibility of the model. Without invoking dark components, the model successfully explains key observational facts including the pure gravitational field of black holes and the isotropy of cosmic expansion, and puts forward two falsifiable predictions, providing a novel perspective for resolving cosmological puzzles such as the Hubble constant tension.
Nianxian Pan (Thu,) studied this question.