What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to evaluate a new effervescent tablet that filters hazardous chemicals from hookah smoke.

January 23, 2026

Application of Novel Patent‐Based Effervescent Tablet as a Selective Filter for Removing Hazardous Chemical Materials in Hookah Smoke: Determination and Comparison of Toxic Chemical Compounds in Hookah Smoke Versus Cigarette Smoke

Key Points

This research aims to evaluate a new effervescent tablet that filters hazardous chemicals from hookah smoke.
Developed an effervescent tablet as a selective filter for hookah smoke.
Used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for analysis.
Compared levels of toxic chemical compounds in hookah and cigarette smoke.
Measured the reduction of hazardous compounds and nicotine levels after filtration.
The effervescent tablet reduced over 81% of hazardous chemical compounds in hookah smoke.
Nicotine and flavor were reduced by about 15%, maintaining user acceptability.
Filtered hookah smoke showed significantly lower contaminants compared to both unfiltered hookah smoke and cigarette smoke.
The detection limits for toxicants were between 0.003 to 0.04 mg/g with high accuracy in measurements.

Abstract

ABSTRACT A novel patent‐based effervescent tablet was developed and evaluated as a selective filter for reducing hazardous chemical compounds in hookah smoke. The study combined gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to identify and quantify major toxicants. Hookah smoke was trapped using cellulose nanofiber–based solvent chambers and latex puff chambers, followed by analysis of volatile organic compounds (nicotine, propylene oxide, formaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, acrolein, acetaldehyde, 1,3‐butadiene, benzopyrene, pyridine, phenol, benzene) and potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromium. Detection limits (LODs) ranged from 0.003 to 0.04 mg/g, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 13%. The effervescent tablet reduced > 81% of hazardous compounds while selectively lowering nicotine and flavor by approximately 15%, maintaining user acceptability. Compared with cigarette smoke, unfiltered hookah smoke contained significantly higher levels of aldehydes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas filtered hookah smoke showed markedly lower contaminant concentrations than both cigarette and e‐cigarette smoke. The proposed method demonstrates innovation by integrating a user‐friendly, selective effervescent tablet with high recovery (92%–102%) and accuracy, offering a practical strategy for harm reduction in hookah smoking.

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