What question did this study set out to answer?

To explore social and spatial inequalities in influenza vaccination and hospitalization among older adults.

February 21, 2026Vaccine0 citationsOpen Access

Learning from the outliers: A longitudinal ecological study of social and spatial inequalities in older adult influenza vaccination and hospitalisation (Cheshire and Merseyside, UK, 2018–19 to 2023–24)

MGMark Alan GreenBritish Oceanographic Data Centre CJCaroline JefferyUniversity of Liverpool CCChristopher P. CheyneUniversity of Liverpool

Key Points

To explore social and spatial inequalities in influenza vaccination and hospitalization among older adults.
Conducted a longitudinal ecological study from 2018 to 2024 in Cheshire and Merseyside.
Analyzed vaccination rates and hospitalization records across different community demographics.
Identified outliers to understand unique patterns of health access and outcomes.
Vaccination uptake was significantly lower in disadvantaged communities.
Certain areas showed higher hospitalization rates despite lower vaccination rates.
Structural determinants of health were linked to observed inequalities.

Abstract

Reducing influenza harms will require both boosting vaccination uptake in disadvantaged communities and addressing the wider structural determinants of health.

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