Abstract Graphene, a two-dimensional monolayer of carbon atoms in a honeycomb lattice, has become a cornerstone material for plasmonics, offering unprecedented opportunities for next-generation communication and electronic platforms. Its ultra-high carrier mobility (> 200,000 cm 2 /Vs), superior thermal conductivity (≈5000 W/mK), and atomic-scale thickness enable strong light-matter interactions and support highly confined surface plasmon polaritons across terahertz to infrared frequencies. This review emphasizes graphene’s role in advancing plasmon-assisted technologies, with particular focus on terahertz communication, integrated photonic circuits, and reconfigurable plasmonic metamaterials. Emerging device architectures including graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs), plasmon-enhanced photodetectors, and tunable nanoantennas are discussed in terms of resonance tuning, bandwidth control, and energy efficiency. Advances in chemical vapor deposition (CVD), epitaxial growth, and hybrid graphene-metal plasmonic integration are highlighted as critical steps toward scalable, CMOS-compatible platforms. Key challenges such as plasmon damping, fabrication uniformity, and efficient coupling with dielectric waveguides are critically evaluated alongside novel strategies in doping, patterning, and heterostructure engineering. Finally, the future trajectory of graphene plasmonics is examined, positioning it as a transformative enabler for 6G communication, quantum-secure plasmonic networks, and energy-efficient Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructures.
Danappa et al. (Fri,) studied this question.