The modeling of pesticide phenomena aids researchers and policymakers in reaching complex agricultural decisions. A contemporary global concern among consumers revolves around the presence of pesticide residues in food, which possesses significant threats to human health and non-target organisms. Throughout all parts of the world, pesticide concentration in food crops is determined by laboratory analysis. In a limited number of areas, predictions of pesticide concentration are performed by analytical or numerical modeling. In this study, a thorough review of pesticide models for predicting their concentrations is critically performed. Among the 53 papers examined in this study, 31 of them are based on a theoretical concept, four amalgamate empirical data with a theoretical background, ten of them are based on only experimental results, and lastly, eight are discussion articles describing observations from various field studies. Overall, more than 69% of the papers focus on direct pesticide–plant interactions which affect our food chain, while indirect effects on environmental components, especially surface water, also receive attention. To the best of our knowledge, among the limited reviews, this is the first to attempt to accumulate all such modeling information in one place, critically analyze all papers to identify their limitations and scopes, and finally provide future research directions in this area.
Jahangir et al. (Tue,) studied this question.