This comprehensive study investigates groundwater quality and heavy metal contamination in mining communities of Ebonyi State, Nigeria, with a particular focus on the health implications for local populations dependent on groundwater resources. Groundwater samples were systematically collected from boreholes across three major mining-affected local government areas: Abakaliki, Ezza North, and Ivo. Physicochemical parameters including pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity were analyzed alongside heavy metal concentrations for lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). Results revealed that while conventional physicochemical parameters generally complied with World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water guidelines, heavy metal contamination presented significant concerns. All sampled boreholes exhibited lead concentrations exceeding WHO limits (0.064-0.210 mg/L vs. 0.01 mg/L standard), with the highest values recorded in Abakaliki and Ivo. Cadmium concentrations in Abakaliki (0.016 mg/L) and Ivo (0.019 mg/L) substantially exceeded the WHO guideline of 0.003 mg/L. Water Quality Index (WQI) calculations classified the majority of samples as unsuitable for drinking purposes. Health risk assessment using United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) models indicated elevated non-carcinogenic risks (hazard quotient >1) for all age groups, particularly children, with lead and cadmium presenting the most significant threats. Carcinogenic risk estimates exceeded acceptable thresholds (1×10⁻⁴), indicating potential lifetime cancer risks for exposed populations. The findings underscore the urgent need for remediation interventions, alternative water supply systems, and enhanced environmental monitoring in mining-affected regions of southeastern Nigeria. This research contributes critical baseline data for environmental management and public health policy development in Sub-Saharan African mining communities.
Osayande Ayo Desmond (Sat,) studied this question.