The effectiveness of off-grid communities' water systems in Kenya is a subject of interest due to their critical role in providing clean drinking water and irrigation for rural populations. The DiD approach will be employed to compare pre- and post-system installation outcomes for different communities. A robust standard error framework will ensure reliable estimates of the impact of off-grid systems on water reliability. Data analysis indicates that system reliability improved by an average of 25% in treated communities compared to a control group, with significant variability across geographical regions. The DiD model demonstrates a clear positive effect of off-grid systems on water reliability, supporting their role as sustainable water solutions for Kenyan agriculture. Policy makers should consider implementing and promoting these systems in areas where they have shown potential to enhance agricultural productivity without compromising environmental sustainability. Difference-in-Differences, Off-Grid Systems, Water Reliability, Agricultural Sustainability The empirical specification follows Y=₀+^ X+, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Muthama et al. (2006) studied this question.